'Nanoantennas' show promise in optical innovations

Thursday, December 22, 2011

Researchers have shown how arrays of tiny "plasmonic nanoantennas" are able to precisely manipulate light in new ways that could make possible a range of optical innovations such as more powerful microscopes, telecommunications and computers.

The researchers at Purdue University used the nanoantennas to abruptly change a property of light called its phase. Light is transmitted as waves analogous to waves of water, which have high and low points. The phase defines these high and low points of light.

"By abruptly changing the phase we can dramatically modify how light propagates, and that opens up the possibility of many potential applications," said Vladimir Shalaev, scientific director of nanophotonics at Purdue's Birck Nanotechnology Center and a distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering.

Findings are described in a paper to be published online Thursday (Dec. 22) in the journal Science.

The new work at Purdue extends findings by researchers led by Federico Capasso, the Robert L. Wallace Professor of Applied Physics and Vinton Hayes Senior Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. In that work, described in an October Science paper, Harvard researchers modified Snell's law, a long-held formula used to describe how light reflects and refracts, or bends, while passing from one material into another.

"What they pointed out was revolutionary," Shalaev said.

Until now, Snell's law has implied that when light passes from one material to another there are no abrupt phase changes along the interface between the materials. Harvard researchers, however, conducted experiments showing that the phase of light and the propagation direction can be changed dramatically by using new types of structures called metamaterials, which in this case were based on an array of antennas.

The Purdue researchers took the work a step further, creating arrays of nanoantennas and changing the phase and propagation direction of light over a broad range of near-infrared light. The paper was written by doctoral students Xingjie Ni and Naresh K. Emani, principal research scientist Alexander V. Kildishev, assistant professor Alexandra Boltasseva, and Shalaev.

The wavelength size manipulated by the antennas in the Purdue experiment ranges from 1 to 1.9 microns.

"The near infrared, specifically a wavelength of 1.5 microns, is essential for telecommunications," Shalaev said. "Information is transmitted across optical fibers using this wavelength, which makes this innovation potentially practical for advances in telecommunications."

The Harvard researchers predicted how to modify Snell's law and demonstrated the principle at one wavelength.

"We have extended the Harvard team's applications to the near infrared, which is important, and we also showed that it's not a single frequency effect, it's a very broadband effect," Shalaev said. "Having a broadband effect potentially offers a range of technological applications."

The innovation could bring technologies for steering and shaping laser beams for military and communications applications, nanocircuits for computers that use light to process information, and new types of powerful lenses for microscopes.

Critical to the advance is the ability to alter light so that it exhibits "anomalous" behavior: notably, it bends in ways not possible using conventional materials by radically altering its refraction, a process that occurs as electromagnetic waves, including light, bend when passing from one material into another.

Scientists measure this bending of radiation by its "index of refraction." Refraction causes the bent-stick-in-water effect, which occurs when a stick placed in a glass of water appears bent when viewed from the outside. Each material has its own refraction index, which describes how much light will bend in that particular material. All natural materials, such as glass, air and water, have positive refractive indices.

However, the nanoantenna arrays can cause light to bend in a wide range of angles including negative angles of refraction.

"Importantly, such dramatic deviation from the conventional Snell's law governing reflection and refraction occurs when light passes through structures that are actually much thinner than the width of the light's wavelengths, which is not possible using natural materials," Shalaev said. "Also, not only the bending effect, refraction, but also the reflection of light can be dramatically modified by the antenna arrays on the interface, as the experiments showed."

The nanoantennas are V-shaped structures made of gold and formed on top of a silicon layer. They are an example of metamaterials, which typically include so-called plasmonic structures that conduct clouds of electrons called plasmons. The antennas themselves have a width of 40 nanometers, or billionths of a meter, and researchers have demonstrated they are able to transmit light through an ultrathin "plasmonic nanoantenna layer" about 50 times smaller than the wavelength of light it is transmitting.

"This ultrathin layer of plasmonic nanoantennas makes the phase of light change strongly and abruptly, causing light to change its propagation direction, as required by the momentum conservation for light passing through the interface between materials," Shalaev said.

###

Purdue University: http://www.purdue.edu/

Thanks to Purdue University for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/116284/_Nanoantennas__show_promise_in_optical_innovations

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Source: http://www.hollywoodlife.com/2011/12/22/celebrity-pets-2011-selena-gomez-robert-pattinson-taylor-swift/

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Brain strain: Christmas shopping when money tight (AP)

NEW YORK ? Chennel King, a nurse from Norwalk, Conn., went Christmas shopping the other day with a new holiday companion: a budget.

Despite a tough economic situation ? her husband was laid off almost a year ago ? King didn't want to disappoint her five children. So she still went to a mall in suburban New Jersey, but with a limit of $200 per child.

Plenty of Americans are having to hold back this year as the lure of flashy ads, tempting bargains and family expectations clashes with the realities of the economy. Experts in consumer behavior say that situation can strain the brain.

Scientists say we are to some extent wired for shopping. It seems to tap into circuits that originally spurred our ancestors to go out looking for food, says Brian Knutson, an associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at Stanford University.

"We are built to forage, just like rats, just like dogs," Knutson said. So we have brain circuitry that "compels us to go out there ... to get good stuff, even if we don't know what that good stuff is."

Brain scanning in his lab shows deep brain circuitry called the nucleus accumbens goes to work when people are considering products and prices. When brain cells in that area release a chemical called dopamine, people are motivated to take action, he said.

So the very prospect of shopping ? maybe brought on by ads and other marketing tools ? may arouse that circuitry and put us in a mood to hit the stores, and then to keep on shopping, he said. "You feel good... It's exciting," Knutson said.

Other circuitry reacts to excessively high prices and dampens the enthusiasm to buy, he said. The competing signals ? buy and don't-buy ? are passed to the front of the brain, in the prefrontal cortex, where a decision about whether to purchase something is apparently made, he said.

But how does that decision get made when money is tight? Knutson said he hasn't studied that question. But he notes that yet another area of the brain, called the cingulate cortex, responds to conflicts like wanting to buy something that costs too much. So maybe it pitches in when a shopper feels restrained by a budget.

King, the recent mall shopper, isn't sure how much she spent last year but it was a lot, with new bedroom sets, a camera for one daughter, a camcorder for one son, and four PlayStations. This year, she turned down the requests of her oldest two for an iPad. But she didn't consider cutting out Christmas totally. And she's mindful to buy the same number of presents for each kid.

"You only live once," King said. "If it's something my kids really want, I try to get it at the lowest possible price."

From what experts recommend about holding down spending, King was smart to set a budget ahead of time, but she probably made her task tougher by going to a mall.

When you're surrounded by attractive goods and crowds of people buying them, "natural human desires can trigger off intense cravings" to buy, says George Loewenstein, a professor of economics and psychology at Carnegie Mellon University. "Not spending when you're tempted to spend is exhausting and miserable," like not eating when you're hungry, he says.

Trying to apply will power "should be your last resort," he said. Much better is to stay away from the mall in the first place, "and it will be much easier to exert self-control."

It might be preferable to shop on the Internet so you're not surrounded by buyers, although the convenience of online shopping holds its own temptations, he said.

If you do go to a mall, commit yourself beforehand to a hard limit on spending, Loewenstein recommends. "Generally, people tend to be a lot more tempted when there is some kind of uncertainty about whether you're going to get whatever it is you're tempted by," he said.

A definite budget removes that uncertainty when a shopper spots something extra, and so it's easier for the brain to say no, he said.

But how to make that budget limit stick? "The last thing you want to do is spend with a card, especially a credit card, or even a debit card," he said. "It doesn't feel like spending."

Much better to count out some cash and put it in an envelope. When the cash is gone, you're done shopping. Even before then, the act of forking out cash introduces "the pain of paying," which can make a shopper more rational and less vulnerable to impulse purchases, he said.

To Kathleen Vohs, an associate marketing professor at the University of Minnesota, Christmas shopping on tight money is "a classic dilemma between Wants and Shoulds," between enjoying something now or holding back for a payoff later. If you don't give in now, "your wallet will be fatter" later, she says.

Her tips for exerting self-control: Shop alone. Carry a list of things you want to buy, so you don't get drained psychologically by having to make a lot of choices in stores. And if you're trying to hold down spending, ease up on other demands for self-control like dieting.

"If you're trying to watch your waist and you're trying to watch your wallet ... it's probably not a good recipe at being successful at both of those," she said.

In fact, willpower to resist overspending can get depleted over hours of shopping as people face temptations, so that self-control and wise decision-making gradually break down, says psychologist Roy F. Baumeister of Florida State University.

When it gets depleted, people will pay more money for the same products and buy more things on impulse that they don't really need, said Baumeister, co-author of the new book, "Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength."

Like Vohs, he recommends trying to limit the number of decisions or demands on self-control you face. And if that's not possible over the course of a shopping day, he said, "try not to make expensive decisions at the end."

But what do you do when you've decided to buy a $1,000 TV, but then you see another model for $1,500 that has more features? If you buy the less expensive one, won't you miss what you passed up for just $500 more?

That's the time to ask yourself, "What else could I do with that $500?" says Michael I. Norton of Harvard Business School. "It really changes your mindset."

If you think about using the money to vacation in Florida or invest in a college fund, "that can help you avoid buying more expensive things," he said.

One more tip to hold down Christmas spending comes from King, the mall shopper.

Her gift list included her niece and goddaughter, but no grown-ups.

"The adults," she said, "they have to wait till their birthdays."

___

AP business writer Christina Rexrode reported from Elizabeth, N.J. Follow AP retail coverage at http://www.twitter.com/AP_Retail.

Follow Ritter at http://www.twitter.com/malcolmritter.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/science/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111218/ap_on_sc/sci_christmas_shopping_psychology

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Online game maker Zynga prices IPO at $10 a share (AP)

NEW YORK ? Zynga is poised to harvest some cold hard cash in its initial public offering. Who knew that selling virtual cows and digital corn on Facebook would create a $7 billion company?

The online game developer best known for "FarmVille" priced its initial public offering late Thursday at $10 per share.

That's at the top of its expected range of $8.50 to $10, a sign that investors are eager to get a piece of the latest in a series of high-profile tech IPOs this year. Zynga is selling 100 million shares and giving its underwriters the right to buy another 15 million shares. The company stands to raise slightly more than $1 billion from the offering, before subtracting for expenses.

Thursday's pricing gives San Francisco-based Zynga a market value of about $7 billion.

Zynga will begin trading Friday on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the ticker symbol "ZNGA." That's when "Main Street" investors will get a chance to buy the stock. The offering rounds out a busy week for IPOs, the likes of which the market hasn't seen since before the 2008 financial meltdown.

Founded in 2007 and named after CEO Mark Pincus' dog, Zynga Inc. follows online deals site Groupon Inc. and professional network LinkedIn Corp. in going public. A bevy of smaller Internet startups, such as reviews site Angie's List Inc. and Pandora Media Inc., have also taken the plunge. They're the soup, salad and appetizer to the main course: Facebook's public debut, expected sometime after April. The social network could rake in as much as $10 billion.

Pincus and Zynga's 2,300 employees have built a business charging small amounts of money ? a few cents, sometimes a couple of dollars ? for virtual items in online games. The games themselves free to play. These items range from crops in "Farmville" to buildings in "CityVille," its most popular Facebook game. This so-called "free-to-play" business model assumes that most people won't want to pay anything to build virtual castles in "CastleVille" or take down rival mob bosses in "Mafia Wars."

But with a large enough player base and a few loyal spenders, Zynga was able to earn a net income of $90.6 million in 2010. Though not unheard of, it's unusual for a tech startup to turn a profit before going public.

Zynga has been criticized for being too dependent on Facebook and its 800 million users. Facebook takes 30 percent cut from what people spend on outside applications through its site. In the July-September period, 93 percent of Zynga's revenue was generated through the world's largest online social network.

That said, there's no denying that Facebook's vast user base and widespread popularity are directly responsible for Zynga's meteoric rise. As of Thursday, Zynga's games had more than 223 million monthly users on Facebook. If those gamers could form their own nation, its population would be roughly on par with Indonesia and Brazil.

Zynga's growth has also been helped by the simple fact that its games are addictive. Just last week, actor Alec Baldwin got booted off a plane because he wouldn't stop playing "Words With Friends," Zynga's Scrabble-inspired mobile phone game. Zynga is focusing on mobile gaming as a way to expand beyond Facebook.

Baldwin's flight fiasco offers proof that mobile games present the biggest growth opportunity for Zynga, according to Wedbush analyst Michael Pachter. International expansion and getting people who already play Zynga games to spend money are other ways the company can grow.

Zynga is not without rivals. Its main competitor on Facebook is Electronic Arts Inc., the more old-school video game publisher best known for console games such as "Madden" and "The Sims." Recently, EA has been focusing on its mobile and online business. Its Facebook version of "The Sims" has created a healthy rivalry with Zynga.

Though not a direct competitor, another similar company is Japan's Nexon Co., which went public on the Tokyo Stock Exchange this week, raising $1.2 billion. Originally from South Korea, Nexon pioneered the free-to-play revenue model that has led to Zynga's success. But where Zynga caters to the Facebooked masses, Nexon's focus is on more complicated games that can take hours, not minutes to crack. Valued at $7.2 billion after Wedneday's IPO, Nexon has about 77 million monthly active users.

Owen Mahoney, chief financial officer of Nexon and a former EA executive, believes several trends are contributing to the popularity of gaming companies like Nexon and Zynga. Namely, higher broadband Internet speeds are making it easier to download games; consumers are looking to try before they buy; and they are spending money in smaller amounts per purchase ? not unlike when music fans began buying individual digital songs, as opposed to entire albums.

"The same forces that affected the entertainment business are affecting the video game business," Mahoney said.

Not everyone is big on Zynga, though. "FarmVille" and its ilk annoy some Facebook users who get tired of their crop-harvesting friends asking for help with their virtual farms.

There are naysayers on Wall Street too. Sterne Agee analyst Arvind Bhatia took the unusual step of putting an "Underperform" rating on Zynga this week, days before the company was scheduled to go public. The analyst set a price target of $7 for Zynga's yet-to-be traded stock, below even the low end of its expected IPO pricing range, citing concerns about the company's growth rate. Bhatia said he wanted to provide an "independent view" of Zynga at a time when its bankers and the company will be selling the deal to clients.

"It's not to say the stock can't do well initially," he said.

Wedbush's Pachter, meanwhile, said it's "really premature" to call the death of a four-year-old industry.

"No one has enough data to say growth is stalled," he said.

___

Nakashima reported from Los Angeles.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/internet/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111216/ap_on_hi_te/us_tec_zynga_ipo

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95% Weekend

All Critics (66) | Top Critics (24) | Fresh (61) | Rotten (3)

It's a definitive example of naturalistic moviemaking -- you feel you're breathing the air that the characters are breathing.

Its final moments offer a vision of what a contemporary romance can achieve: an appreciative gasp of truth, a wet-eyed hope for more.

One of the truest, most beautiful movies ever made about two strangers.

If you've ever met someone who changed your life in the space of days, you'll relate to something in this movie.

The organ that "Weekend" is most concerned with isn't the one you might think, but the human heart.

In just a short period of time, a weekend hookup tests the boundaries each man has set for himself.

Part of the brilliance of Haigh's film is how specific the characterizations are of his two main characters, how their different natures both allow for the possibility of love and impede it.

Deserves to find a place in the hearts of wistful romantics everywhere, no matter what their sexual preference.

It's splendidly played with an understated intensity that deftly captures the shifting emotional tone of the relationship.

Offers up the kind of subtle, truthful relationship drama that's all too rare in cinema.

There's a fresh, sweaty, honest, unpretentious air to it, and when they part, with Glen on his way to spend a year working in Portland, Oregon, we genuinely believe that something like love has come into their yearning lives.

Writer-director Andrew Haigh has a delicate, sensitive touch, and this is appealing as a simple peek into modern romance... but there's a sense of wishful thinking -- or even desperation -- that I suspect is not intended here.

There's a deceptive simplicity to British writer-director Andrew Haigh's poignant, fluent character study, which has already earned comparisons to Before Sunrise.

Haigh treats his subject matter with matter-of-fact realism. If this is a new voice on the British film scene, it's a refreshingly adult one.

It is a tender, humane film, with an easy, unforced cinematic language: a film that doesn't need to try too hard.

Haigh's film is written with a shrewd, unpretentious feel for the way young people behave when they're getting to know each other, shot with a keen eye for urban solitude, and completely nails its seemingly modest tasks...

Haigh, writing, directing and producing, drives through the meeting-cute introductions and the medium-molten sex scenes as if they were merely marks on the map, to follow the simple, complex arc of an evolving love affair.

Impressively directed and superbly written, this is an emotionally engaging and strikingly naturalistic romantic drama with terrific central performances from newcomers Tom Cullen and Chris New.

A remarkable film that signals an exciting new voice in the LGBT landscape.

Sexy, provocative, engrossing and occasionally ornery, it should appeal to anyone whose curiosity about someone new has provoked them to question their own identity.

Terrific low-key turns from the two leads inject their growing bond with genuine emotion, making this a love story that will get under the skin of romantics everywhere.

Cullen and New are British stage actors with little background in film. Haigh's only previous film was a documentary. Perhaps because they don't feel bound by a set of rules, they've created one of the year's most enjoyable surprises.

Weekend is the year's wittiest hymn to romance.

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Source: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/weekend_2011/

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Newt Gingrich: 8 of the GOP idea man's more unusual ideas

Newt Gingrich is a big ideas guy. Ask anybody. Some of the ideas end up working, like the one a couple of decades ago that the Republican Party could actually take control of the House after 40 years of Democratic rule. Others are a little out there. An elaborate system of space mirrors to light highways? Check.?Say what you will, but at least the former House speaker ? and now the clear front-runner for the Republican presidential nomination ? has a fertile imagination. Here are some of his more unusual ideas.

- Linda Feldmann,?Staff writer

Mr. Gingrich loves the idea of establishing a lunar colony to exploit the moon?s mineral resources. Mitt Romney, Gingrich?s top challenger for the nomination, chose that as his top example of an area of disagreement with Gingrich at the Dec. 10 debate.

?I'm not in favor of spending that kind of money to do that,? said Mr. Romney, the former governor of Massachusetts.

Gingrich?s response: ?I'm happy to defend the idea that America should be in space and should be there in an aggressive, entrepreneurial way.?

The former speaker mentioned moon colonies at a recent town hall meeting in Bluffton, S.C., when a student asked about working for NASA. But it?s not clear that Gingrich believes lunar colonies should be funded publicly. In the past, he has proposed cutting back on NASA and incentivizing private companies to offer space travel.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/csm/~3/RpoI9MrTZpE/Newt-Gingrich-8-of-the-GOP-idea-man-s-more-unusual-ideas

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China sends campaigning rights lawyer back to jail (Reuters)

BEIJING (Reuters) ? China has sent human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng back to jail, state news agency Xinhua reported on Friday, ending his probation in what was the first official account of his whereabouts in the last year.

Gao, however, appears never to have escaped secretive confinement in the first place.

A combative rights advocate who tackled many causes anathema to the ruling Communist Party, Gao was sentenced to three years' jail in 2006 for "inciting subversion of state power", a charge often used to punish critics of one-party rule.

Gao was given five years' probation, formally sparing him from serving the prison sentence. But his family was under constant surveillance and Gao was detained on and off over that time.

He was taken from a relative's home in Shaanxi province in northern China in February 2009 -- his family claims by security officers -- and had been missing since early last year, when he resurfaced briefly and made sporadic contact with friends and foreign reporters in April 2010.

Xinhua, in a brief story that appeared only in English, said a Beijing court "withdrew probation" on Gao and sent him back to jail.

"He had seriously violated probation rules a number of times, which led to the court decision to withdraw the probation," Xinhua cited a court statement as saying. It did not give details of Gao's alleged violations.

"He would serve his term in prison", referring to the three-year sentence, the report added.

Xinhua said that the court had "put him back in jail".

Gao's older brother, Gao Zhiyi, told Reuters he had not been told about the court's decision, despite his repeated appeals to police for any word of his brother's whereabouts.

Gao's wife Geng He, who fled to California with the couple's children, told Reuters she wasn't sure whether to be gratified or despondent over the news of her husband, whom she has not seen since January 2009.

"We kept on asking: 'Where is he? Where is he?' The government has not given us a single word, until this day, that we've got the news about him. Now we know that he still exists. Before this came out, we thought he was dead," Geng said, speaking in tears.

"I plead with the international community and the Western media to keep their focus on the Gao Zhisheng case. This persecution cannot continue. We will hire a lawyer to represent him," Geng said.

BEIJING ASKED TO CLARIFY GAO'S LOCATION

In Washington, the U.S. State Department said it was disappointed that Gao had been returned to jail and called on Beijing to immediately release him and clarify his whereabouts.

"The forced disappearance of Gao is a serious human rights concern and demonstrates that Chin is not living up to its commitments under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights," State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said.

"We again express our deep concern over the continued use of extralegal measures against Gao and other human rights activists, and urge China to uphold its internationally recognized obligations."

Nicholas Bequelin, a researcher on China for New York-based Human Rights Watch, said the news did not allay fears about the lawyer's well-being.

"This seems to be further proof of the politically motivated persecution against him," he said. It is "a continuation of his detention and deprivation of freedom. It's essentially preventing him from talking about what happened".

Catherine Baber, Amnesty International's deputy director for the Asia-Pacific, said the news about Gao was "truly shocking".

"The international community must not let up on the condemnation of the travesty of justice," she told Reuters.

Mo Shaoping, who previously served as Gao's attorney, said Chinese courts had no obligation to hold a hearing or even notify the accused that probation might be rescinded.

"Chinese procedures on this point are a blank," Mo said by telephone. "The public security authorities can apply to the court, and then the court simply has to give its written decision, and there's no prior notification or hearing."

The United Nations working group on arbitrary detention said in March that Gao was being detained in violation of international law.

Starting in February, China mounted a crackdown on potential political challengers to the ruling Communist Party, fearing that anti-authoritarian uprisings in Arab countries could inspire protests against one-party rule.

Many rights lawyers were detained, and most who have since been released have refrained from speaking out or renewing high-profile advocacy, fearing fresh bouts of detention.

CNN said on Friday that British actor Christian Bale was roughed up by Chinese security guards as he attempted to visit a blind legal activist whose detention has sparked a domestic and international outcry.

(Writing by Ben Blanchard; additional reporting by Andrew Quinn in Washington; Editing by Nick Macfie)

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/china/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20111216/wl_nm/us_china_lawyer

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